Embodied Injustice: Race, Disability, and Health
By: Mary Quandt
At the intersection of Blackness and disability is a population of especially vulnerable people, as racism and ableism mutually reinforce each other. Disability is more prevalent among Black people than white people, and Black people are more likely to develop a disability at a younger age 鈥� a direct result of structural racism. 91女神 LAW student Mary Quandt recaps Distinguished Speaker Professor Mary Crossley鈥檚 recent talk on her new book,
Professor Mary Crossley presented her new book, , for the 91女神 LAW Center for Health Law Distinguished Speaker Series on Oct. 17, 2022. A visiting professor at 91女神 LAW during the 2022 fall semester, Professor Crossley is the John E. Murray Faculty Scholar and Director of the Health Law Program at Pitt Law. The passage of the shaped her early scholarship and has influenced her legal career. Professor Crossley鈥檚 book was inspired by her research, through which she discovered deeply ingrained misconceptions and prejudices that shaped, in parallel, the experiences of disabled people and Black people alike. These experiences of structurally enforced prejudice have an even stronger effect at the intersection of Black and disability identities.
Professor Crossley began her talk by sharing the story of Michael Hickson, who died June 11, 2022, from complications of COVID-19. Two years prior, the father of five had a heart attack at age 43, resulting in quadriplegia. When Mr. Hickson contracted COVID-19, it quickly turned life-threatening due to multiple complications. His family reports that after only three days in the hospital, physicians began to suggest hospice care for Mr. Hickson because 鈥渉e wasn鈥檛 going to get better.鈥� His wife recorded a conversation with his doctor asking about why her husband鈥檚 physicians thought it futile to treat him:
鈥淏ecause his quality of life鈥e doesn鈥檛 have one. 鈥�
鈥淏ecause he has quadriplegia?鈥�
鈥淐辞谤谤别肠迟.鈥�
Over his wife鈥檚 objections, they withdrew treatment. A few days later, Mr. Hickson died.
Professor Crossley used the story of Michael Hickson to introduce the parallel medical distrust between Black and disabled Americans鈥� experiences. For Black people, this distrust has been fostered through a long history of mistreatment and 鈥攖hat is, the 鈥渦s[e] of Black bodies to further the interests of white bodies.鈥� Prof. Crossley highlighted two notoriously horrific historic examples of medical apartheid: J. Marion Sims鈥� nonconsensual gynecologic experiments on enslaved Black women, and the Tuskegee Syphilis study.
Many disabled people avoid medical care and hospitals out of fear that their lives will be considered less valuable and less worthy of saving. Professor Crossley shared a story from , an anthropologist, professor, and disability rights speaker. During a hospital stay for chronic, yet easily treatable, pressure wounds, a new doctor tried to convince Dr. Peace that he should discontinue his life-saving antibiotic and be made 鈥渃omfortable鈥� instead: 鈥淥ut of the 鈥榢indness鈥� of the physician鈥檚 heart, I was being offered an opportunity to end my life.鈥� Despite his strong desire to live, Dr. Peace in 2019.
As in medical apartheid on Black bodies, Disabled bodies have been used for the sole benefit of non-disabled bodies, as in the case of the . In her book, Professor Crossley describes how doctors at Willowbrook deliberately infected resident children with Hepatitis C to study the disease鈥攚ith the full consent of the children鈥檚 parents and 鈥渋ndependent reviews from other experts.鈥� The Willowbrook study led to advances in knowledge about vaccines, at the cost of these children鈥檚 lives.
Outside of noteworthy historical examples, disabled Americans experience inaccessibility and devaluation in their everyday lives. Although quality of life, as measured by self-satisfaction, is generally about equal between disabled and nondisabled people, 82% of physicians report that disability itself cannot support high quality of life. Likewise, Black Americans experience devaluation and discrimination in health care in their to lives.
Kimberl茅 Crenshaw鈥檚 model of illustrates how the intersection of Blackness and disability is especially vulnerable, as racism and ableism mutually reinforce each other. Disability is more prevalent among Black people than white people, and Black people are more likely to develop a disability at a younger age. The disproportionate disablement of Black people is the result of structural racism; Beth Ribet calls it : the 鈥減attern of burgeoning mental and physical conditions which correlate, often strongly, with poverty and various forms of social and political subordination.鈥� Professor Crossley illustrated this phenomenon with the Flint Water Crisis, in which poor, primarily Black, citizens were supplied with lead-poisoned water. Lead exposure in children can cause behavioral issues and intellectual delays; indeed, the children of Flint have experienced a due to the poisoned water.
Professor Crossley went on to discuss current events and trends influencing the pursuit of justice for Black and disabled people, and how the intersectionality of those two identities causes unique challenges. For example, the disability pride movement 鈥渕ay well ring hollow鈥� for those experiencing disability caused by unjust social structures. Still, there are groups working to achieve justice: the is one, and Northwestern Pritzker School of Law just launched a
Professor Crossley also highlighted opportunities for racial and disability justice advocates to demand an answer to this question: How can doctors learn to respect the experiences of those who live within bodies that mainstream culture considers 鈥渓ess than?鈥� One option is through the Liaison Committee on Medical Education鈥檚 accreditation standards on justice. These standards do not currently consider intersectionality or social determinants of health. 鈥淎n intersectional alliance could push for accreditation standards that explicitly encompass anti-racist and anti-ableist training for new physicians,鈥� said Professor Crossley.
Fixing inequities is not cost-less, but that does not mean those fixes are worthless. The ADA requirements to change physical structures to allow disabled people access have helped more than just disabled people. This is called the , after the community benefits seen when cities began installing ramps from streets to sidewalks: Not only do they benefit wheelchair users, curb cuts increase accessibility for elderly individuals with lower mobility, stroller pushers, and bicyclists.
As Professor Crossley said in her closing, 鈥渉ealth is not a zero-sum game.鈥� 鈥淪tructural inequality threatens the health of our entire population,鈥� not just the health of the poor, Black, or disabled bodies.
Professor Crossley鈥檚 lecture was given in person and via zoom on October 17, 2022 as a part of the Health Law Distinguished Speaker Series hosted by the Center for Health Law at 91女神 LAW. Each academic year, the Center hosts leading scholars and practitioners who shape health law and policy. Students attend keynote lectures in the series and meet with speakers to discuss timely law and policy issues during small group discussions.