91女神

It is helpful to know a bit about the structure of the Hebrew Bible. Tanakh (Hebrew 转址旨谞址"讱职鈥�) is the Jewish name for the Holy Scriptures. Tanakh is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the text's three subdivisions: Torah (the first five books of the Bible), Nevi'im (the Prophets), and Ketuvim (the Writings). .

Haftarah (Hebrew 讛驻讟专讛) refers to a portion of the Hebrew Bible chanted publicly in the synagogue during Jewish religious services on the Sabbath and festivals. The haftarah reading is taken from the Prophets and follows the Torah reading, to which it is usually related thematically. . You can .

Typically a child chants the haftarah during their Bar or Bat Mitzvah service. . 

In contemporary usage the Hebrew word sefer (plural s'farim) can refer to any kind of book, although it often indicates books of the Tanakh, the oral law, or works of Rabbinic literature. A related word is sofer, which originally indicated a scribe but now carries the sense of writer or author. .

Haggadah (讛址讙指旨讚指讛)鈥� is Hebrew for "telling," namely, the telling of the Exodus story at the Seder service during the Jewish festival of Pesach, or Passover. The term also signifies a book that contains the ritual guide to the Seder, along with scripture passages, commentary, prayers, and songs. For centuries the haggadah has been one of the most celebrated items of Jewish literature and art, and there are many examples of both handwritten and printed haggadot with intricate illustrations. In each generation artists continue the tradition of reinterpreting the haggadah for contemporary believers.

Explore online resources about the haggadah and Passover Seder can be found on MOCRA's Papercut Haggadah exhibition website. Scroll down to the "Additional Links" section.

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 46. 1998-2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn. 

This page is "Nirtzah" ("Conclusion of the Seder"). The last line of text is the familiar phrase, "Next year in Jerusalem!"

Archie Granot refers to a monthlong conflict during the summer of 2006 between the Israeli military and Hezbollah paramilitary forces. .

Blue and white are the colors of the State of Israel, . The blue stripes recall the stripes on a tallit, or Jewish prayer shawl.

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 12. 1998-2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn. 

In his notes for this page, titled "Vayered Mitzraimah" ("He Went Down to Egypt"), Archie writes, "The [haggadah] text talks about the slavery in Egypt, so the pyramidal shape of the cut-out text was a natural choice. It sits on a background of paper woven by the artist, giving the impression of an unending brick wall, similar in color to the sand which, the book of Exodus tells us, the people of Israel were forced to use when making bricks." See and .

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 2. 1998-2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

This page is titled "Bedikat Chametz" ("Searching for Leaven"). .

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 6. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

The Four Questions (Ma Nistanah) are given this way in The Schocken Passover Haggadah:

• Why does this night differ from all other nights? For on all other nights we eat either leavened or unleavened bread; why on this night only unleavened bread?
• On all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs; why on this night only bitter herbs?
• On all other nights we need not dip our herbs even once; why on this night must we dip them twice?
• On all other nights we eat either sitting up or reclining; why on this night do we all recline?

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 42. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

This page, titled "Ki L'olam Chasdo" ("His Goodliness Is Eternal") presents the text of Psalm 136. The recurring antiphon is set in green, the invocations in red.

The Schocken Passover Haggadah, ed. Nahum N. Glatzer. (Schocken Books, 1996)

This image from The Schocken Passover Haggadah shows how Psalm 136 is typically typeset.

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 13. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

In his notes on The Papercut Haggadah, Archie Granot notes that the use of mat board in this piece was a breakthrough in the series. He says, "I wanted to capture the very depths of despair and, using board, I cut the edges and built ten layers on the left side and seven layers on the right. These numbers are very significant in Jewish thought."

• The Decalogue, or Ten Commandments (also translated "the ten words", "the ten sayings" or "the ten matters"), which appear in and . .
• Traditionally a minyan, or quorum, of ten adult Jewish males is required to recite certain public prayers. .
• Yom Kippur, or the Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the year for Jews, falls on the 10th of the month of Tishrei. .
• The account of creation given in describes a 7-day process.
• The Jewish tradition accords particular honor to three patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob) and four matriarchs (Sarah, Rebekah, Leah and Rachel).
• Seven blessings, or Sheva Brachot, are a part of traditional Jewish wedding ceremonies and are also recited during the week following the wedding. .

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 13 (detail). 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

The completed work measures over half-an-inch thick.

The Stations of the Cross is a set of meditations on various episodes, both scriptural and traditional, in the suffering and death of Jesus. Artistic representations in a variety of media (but usually sculpture or painting) depict each episode and help focus the meditation. Praying the Stations usually entails walking from station to station. .

A number of contemporary artists have reinterpreted the Stations of the Cross in their work. Examples have been included in exhibitions at MOCRA such as Consecrations: The Spiritual in Art in the Time of AIDS and Good Friday: The Suffering Christ in Contemporary Art. A major work by artist Michael Tracy at MOCRA treats three stations of the cross as a vast abstract landscape of suffering and redemption.

Michael Tracy, Triptych: 11th, 12th, and 13th Stations of the Cross for Latin America: La Pasi贸n, 1981鈥�1988. Mixed media on canvas with tin. MOCRA collection.

Shiviti papercut, Poland, 19th c. Source: .

Papercutting has been practiced in cultures across the world. .

References to a Jewish papercut date from the 14th century, and it became an important folk art among both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. Requiring only simple and readily available tools (paper, pencil and knife), papercutting was available to all, even the poor.

Traditional papercuts were highly symmetrical and featured familiar Jewish symbols as well as calligraphic inscriptions. As is evident from the example above, traditional Jewish papercuts could achieve high levels of intricacy and sophistication. They were used to fulfill hiddur mitzvah (embellishing the commandments in an aesthetic way), and could be found in homes and synagogues.

This tradition almost disappeared in the first half of the 20th century, due both to emigration and to the Holocaust. During the last fifty years, however, papercut art as a means of Jewish expression has been revived. For example, the ketubah or marriage contract, which serves as a daily reminder of a couple's love, marriage vows and responsibilities to each other, is a frequent subject for contemporary papercuts.

 and on Wikipedia.

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 20. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

This page is titled "B'chol Dor V'dor" ("In Each Generation"). In his commentary on this page, Archie notes, "The text sits on a two-winged papercut. This papercut 'in flight' reflects the soaring spirit attained with the outpouring of praise embodied in the word Hallelujah (讛旨讬指讜旨诇诇职讛址), with which the text on this page ends. The design was created from the two initial letters of the first names of the husband and wife [Max and Sandra Thurm] who commissioned The Papercut Haggadah." Although in the podcast Archie describes this work as having 23 layers, in the commentary he gives the number as 25.

The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters, five with variant forms and all of them consonants. Vowels are indicated with marks around the letters called niqqud, or vowel points. Hebrew is written from right to left. Written Hebrew dates back more than three millennia and has gone through various stages of evolution. The present script is a stylized version of the Aramaic alphabet. .

Hebrew typography remains a vibrant art and fertile ground for new developments, as seen in this .

In illuminated manuscripts, the colophon (from Greek 办辞濒辞辫丑艒苍, "summit, finishing touch") was the text which the scribe used to finish the work. A colophon might include the scribe's name, the date, and the name of the person for whom the book was made.

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 55. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

The colophon for The Papercut Haggadah reads:

I, Archie Granot
Aaron Yosef son of Natan Yaakov and Sara Leah
have hand cut this Haggadah in Jerusalem
Capital of the State of Israel
for my friends Max, Mordechai son of Shimon Yehudah
and Sandra, daughter of Yehudah Leib HaLevi
of the Thurm family in the United States of America.
For ten years I have labored over the excellence of each cut.
I completed the work in the Holy City of Jerusalem
in the month of Kislev in the year 5768 (2007).
A cutting blade is my scribal quill and papercutting is my art.

The multilayered cut-out sentence around the page was, traditionally, used in colophons of Jewish manuscripts and reads:

Accomplished and concluded, with thanks to the Lord, Creator of all things.

The artist鈥檚 signature sits at the base of this page. It is the only signed page in The Papercut Haggadah.

Archie Granot mentions that one page in The Papercut Haggadah incorporates his initials. It is titled, "Retze, Ya'aleh V'yavo" ("Grace after Meals: Be Pleased, May There Rise"). He notes, "The two central pillars separating these two bless颅ings were created from the letters 讗 (Alef) and 讙鈥� (Gimmel)鈥攎y initials."

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 33. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

Granot also mentions that three pages reference Max and Sandra Thurm. In this example, "The central image of a tower (Thurm in German, Turem in Yid颅dish) sits on a design created from the letter 讟 (Tet). The page is en颅cap颅sulated by the names of Sandra and Max Thurm as well as the two verses that begin with the first and last letters of their names."

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 1. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

For every Hebrew name, there is a corresponding Biblical verse; the first and last letters of the verse are the same as the first and last letters of the Hebrew name. It is said that memorizing this verse will help a person remember his or her name in the afterlife.

Archie Granot, The Papercut Haggadah, Page 17. 1998鈥�2007. Collection of Sandra and Max Thurm. Photo by Jeffrey Vaughn.

The song "" is at least 1,000 years old. Its fifteen verses recall God's astounding acts on behalf of Israel, such as delivering the Israelites from Egypt and for giving the Sabbath and the Torah. Each verse ends with the word Dayenu, meaning "it would have been enough for us" or "it would have sufficed"鈥攈ad God given only one of the gifts, it would have still been enough.

Archie Granot says of this page, it "has the shape of round hand颅made matzah and is executed in blue and white鈥攖he colors of the State of Israel. The word Dayenu repeats itself in the circular design, in the middle of which sits the complete text of this chant."

The Hebrew term mitzvah can refer to the divine commandments given in the Torah, or more broadly to moral deeds performed as a religious duty鈥攖hat is, an act of human kindness. .